Commoner, Barry
Barry Commoner is a Professor of plant physiology and chairman of the Department of Botany at Washington University. Director of Washington University's Center for the Biology of Natural Systems.


The separation of the laws of nature among the different sciences is a human conceit; nature itself is an integrated whole. Science and Survival, 1963.

Technology has not only built the magnificent material base of modern society, but also confronts us with threats to survival which cannot be corrected unless we solve very grave economic, social, and political problems. Ibid.

Four Laws of Ecology:

Everything is connected to everything else.

Everything must go somewhere.

Nature knows best.

There is no such thing as a free lunch.

The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology, 1971.